Archeologia miejsc funeralnych w Wielkopolsce

Dnia 24.10.2019 r. w Sali Dydaktycznej Muzeum Archeologicznego w Poznaniu przy ul. Wodnej 27 odbyła się konferencja „Archeologia miejsc funeralnych w Wielkopolsce”.
Było to trzecie z kolei spotkanie archeologów zorganizowane przez Wielkopolskiego Wojewódzkiego Konserwatora Zabytków w Poznaniu. przy współudziale Muzeum Archeologicznego w Poznaniu oraz Oddziału Wielkopolskiego Stowarzyszenia Naukowego Archeologów Polskich. Pierwsze z nich dotyczyło miast, a drugie osad i szeroko pojętego osadnictwa. Konferencja w której uczestniczyłem dotyczyła zaś fenomenu śmierci i związanych z nią praktyk funeralnych. Śmierć jest ważnym elementem cykliczności rozwoju społeczeństw ludzkich. Sposób w jaki chowana jest jednostka świadczy nie tylko o jej religii lecz również o jej kondycji społecznej i funkcji odgrywanej przez nią w społeczeństwie. Ponadto zdaniem archeologów cmentarz, sposób chowania zmarłych świadczą i ryty pogrzebowe świadczą o tym jak dana kultura wyobrażała sobie zaświaty.
Sesję otworzyła Pani mgr Jolanta Goszczyńska, Wielkopolski Wojewódzki Konserwator Zabytków. W swym krótkim wystąpieniu przywitała prelegentów i publiczność. Każdy z archeologów prezentujących wyniki swoich badań miał 20 minut na wystąpienie. Wszyscy mówcy przygotowali prezentacje dzięki którym widzowie mogli na zdjęciach, wykresach i rysunkach zobaczyć to o czym mówią. Referaty dotyczyły praktyk funeralnych od neolitu aż po czasy współczesne. Mnie najbardziej podobał się referat Agaty Karweckiej i Agnieszki Krawczewskiej z biura Poznańskiego Powiatowego Konserwatora Zabytków. Autorki w pierwszej części referatu omówiły kształtowanie się obrządku pogrzebowego na ziemiach polskich od V do XVIII wieku. Ich zdaniem w XII wieku na ziemiach polskich zaniknął całkowicie pogański obrządek pogrzebowy związany z ciałopaleniem. Pochówki tego rodzaju zostały wyparte przez pochówki szkieletowe. Mniej więcej od XVI wieku zaprzestano praktykować wkładanie do grobów różnego rodzaju przedmiotów. Od lat 70-tych XVIII cmentarze zaczęto przenosić poza obręb miast. Badaczki przedstawiły wyniki badań archeologicznych z 14 kościołów znajdujących się na terenie powiatu poznańskiego. Obejmowały one przedsięwzięcia badawcze umożliwione przez prace modernizacyjne prowadzone wokół świątyń. Z 14 kościołów w pobliżu których przeprowadzono prace archeologiczne tylko w 2 wypadkach nie znaleziono ludzkich kości. Autorki zakończyły swój referat refleksją najwybitniejszej żyjącej poznańskiej badaczki historii - Ewy Domańskiej o glebach antropogenicznych - nekrosolach, z których wynikało, że kwestia człowieczeństwa jest kwestią stopnia, bowiem martwe ciało rozkłada się i staje się humusem.
Wspomnieć chciałbym jeszcze o dwóch referatach. Daniel Żychliński w imieniu zespołu badaczy przedstawił wyniki badań archeologicznych badań w Gowarzewie, w powiecie poznańskim. W miejscowości tej przeprowadzono modernizację skrzyżowania. Dzięki temu archeologowie odkopali niewielki cmentarz. Jego datowanie Żychliński ustalił na początek XVII wieku. Jego zdaniem w nekropoli tej pochowani zostali protestanci. Cmentarz ten miał zostać już w epoce szalejącej kontrreformacji. Nie zachowała się bowiem żadna dotycząca go miejscowa tradycja. Profesor Arkadiusz Marciniak opowiadał o historii związków między archeologią i antropologią fizyczną. W jego referacie najbardziej podobał mi się fragment o osteobiografii. Jest to metoda dzięki której ze zachowanych ludzkich kości można odtworzyć historię życia danego człowieka. Można określić co ten człowiek jadł, jakie choroby przebył, skąd przybył na dane ziemie, a nawet biologiczny stres którego doświadczał. Jednakże metoda ta stosowana przez antropologów fizycznych jest zapewne bardzo droga i dlatego wciąż pewnie nie jest powszechnie stosowana.
Dzień spędzony w Muzeum Archeologicznym uważam za niezwykle udany. Referaty były bardzo ciekawe mimo tego, że archeologia to nauka posługująca się specyficznym żargonem, który niekiedy ciężko było pojąć.
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